[Determination of four fatty acid ethyl esters in olive oil by solid phase extraction-gas chromatography].

The fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) content of olive oil is an important indicator of its quality. At present, the international standard method used to detect FAEEs in olive oil is silica gel (Si) column chromatography-gas chromatography (GC); however, this technique presents a number of disadvantages, including complex operation, long analysis times, and high reagent consumption. In this study, a method based on Si solid phase extraction (SPE)-GC was established to determine four FAEEs in olive oil, namely, ethyl palmitate, ethyl linoleate, ethyl oleate, and ethyl stearate. First, the effects of the carrier gas were investigated, and He gas was ultimately selected as the carrier gas. Next, several internal standards were screened, and ethyl heptadecenoate (cis-10) was determined as the optimal internal standard. The SPE conditions were also optimized, and the effects of different brands of Si SPE columns on the recoveries of analytes were compared. Finally, a pretreatment method in which 0.05 g of olive oil was extracted with n-hexane and purified through a Si SPE column (1 g/6 mL) was developed. A sample could be processed within approximately 2 h using a total reagent volume of about 23 mL. Validation of the optimized method revealed that the four FAEEs have good linearities within the range of 0.1-5.0 mg/L (coefficients of determination (R2)>0.999). The limits of detection (LODs) of the method were within 0.78-1.11 mg/kg, and its limits of quantification (LOQs) were in the range of 2.35-3.33 mg/kg. The recoveries ranged from 93.8% to 104.0% at all spiked levels tested (4, 8, and 20 mg/kg), and the relative standard deviations were 2.2%-7.6%. Fifteen olive oil samples were tested using the established method, and the total FAEEs of three extra-virgin olive oil samples were found to exceed 35 mg/kg. Compared with the international standard method, the proposed method has the advantages of simpler pretreatment process, shorter operation time, lower reagent consumption and detection cost, high precision, and good accuracy. The findings provide an effective theoretical and practical reference for improving olive oil detection standards.

Experimental design approaches to optimize ultrasound-assisted simultaneous-silylation dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the rapid determination of parabens in water samples.

This work describes a rapid solvent-minimized process to effectively determine four common paraben preservatives (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl- and butyl-paraben) in surface water samples. The method involved the use of a combination of a novel ultrasound-assisted simultaneous-silylation within dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UASS-DLLME) with detection by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). To overcome the challenges related to the different experimental conditions, multivariate experimental design approaches conducted by means of a multilevel categorical design and a Box-Behnken design were utilized to screen and optimize parameters that have significant influences on the efficiency of silylation and extraction. The method was then validated and shown to provide low limits of quantitation (LOQs; 1-5 ng L-1), high precision (3-11%), and satisfactory mean spiked recoveries (accuracy; 79-101%). Upon analyzing samples of surface water obtained from the field, we found that, in total, there was a relatively high concentration of the target parabens ranging from 200 to 1389 ng L-1. The sources of the elevated levels of these parabens may be from the release of untreated municipal wastewater in this region, and also due to the widespread application of parabens in personal care and food products.

Efficacy of Getong Tongluo Capsule () for Convalescent-Phase of Ischemic Stroke and Primary Hypertension: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate whether the efficacy of Getong Tongluo Capsule (, GTC, consisted of total flavone of Radix Puerariae) on improving patients' quality of life and lowering blood pressure are superior to the extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGB) for patients with convalescent-phase ischemic stroke and primary hypertension.@*METHODS@#This randomized, positive-drug- and placebo-controlled, double-blind trial was conducted from September 2015 to October 2017. Totally 477 eligible patients from 18 hospitals in China were randomly assigned in a 2:1:1 ratio to the following interventions, twice a day for 12 weeks: (1) GTC 250 mg plus EGB-matching placebo 40 mg (237 cases, GTC group), (2) EGB 40 mg plus GTC-matching placebo 250 mg (120 cases, EGB group) or (3) GTC-matching placebo 250 mg plus EGB-matching placebo 40 mg (120 cases, placebo group). Moreover, all patients were orally administered aspirin enteric-coated tablets 100 mg, once a day for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the Barthel Index (BI). The secondary outcomes included the control rate of blood pressure and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores. The incidence and severity of adverse events (AEs) were calculated and assessed.@*RESULTS@#The BI relative independence rates, the clinical recovery rates of NIHSS, and the total effective rates of NIHSS in the GTC and EGB groups were significantly higher than the placebo group at 12 weeks after treatment (P0.05). The control rate of blood pressure in the GTC group was significantly higher than the EGB and placebo groups at 12, 18 and 24 weeks after treatment (P0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#GTC exhibited significant efficacy in improving patients' quality of life as well as neurological function and controlling hypertension. (Registration No. ChiCTR1800016667).

Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of pramipexole in treating restless legs syndrome to different races / 中华神经科杂志

Objective To analyze the efficacy and safety of pramipexole in treating restless legs syndrome (RLS) to different races.Methods A search for randomized,double-blind,and placebocontrolled clinical trials of pramipexole in treating RLS using Pubmed was carried out.A meta-analysis of included clinical trials was performed with Revman 5.2.The efficacy was calculated based on the change of the weighted mean difference (WMD) with International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group rating scale (IRLS) and the relative risk (RR) of response with Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) scale.Safety was assessed with RR of the adverse event (AE).Subgroup analysis was conducted in the white race subgroup and the yellow race subgroup,separately.Results A total of 6 clinical trials were included in this meta-analysis.The records of patients were pooled.Overall,WMD of the change in IRLS score was-4.72 (Z =6.57,P ＜ 0.01),which was-4.33 in white race subgroup (Z =3.90,P ＜ 0.01) and-4.52 (Z =42.28,P ＜0.01) in yellow race subgroup.Overall RR of response based on CGI-I was 1.64 (Z =10.39,P ＜0.01),which was 1.60 (Z =4.66,P ＜0.01) in white race subgroup,and 1.51 (Z =4.42,P ＜ 0.01) in yellow race subgroup.Overall RR for AE was 1.26 (Z =5.11,P ＜ 0.01),which was 1.26 (Z =2.27,P =0.02) in white race subgroup and 1.36 (Z =2.98,P =0.003) in yellow race subgroup.Conclusion To treat RLS,pramipexole is an effective and safe drug.The results are similar for both the white race and the yellow race.

[Endovascular treatment for venous sinus stenosis in idiopathic intracranial hypertension].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship of venous sinus stenosis and idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) and to discuss the efficacy and strategy of endovascular treatment. METHODS: Balloon angioplasty and stent placement were performed in 24 IIH cases by lateral sinus stenosis. Mechanical thrombus maceration was performed before stent placing in 5 cases with suspected chronic dural sinus thrombosis. The clinical data of clinical presentations, intracranial pressure, pressure of lateral sinus, pressure gradient between distal and proximal lateral sinus stenosis, methods of treatment and therapeutic outcomes were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Intracranial pressure dropped from (314 ± 56) mm H2O of pre-operation to (197 ± 31) mm H2O of post-operation. The post-treatment pressure gradient was obviously high ((159 ± 11) mm H2O) and a reduction was found ((95 ± 11) mm H2O). Headache in 16 cases, vision in 13 and papilledema in 10 were resolved or improved. There was no other permanent procedure-related morbidity. The patients were followed up for 2 - 19 months. And no in-stent restenosis occurred. CONCLUSION: Endovascular treatment is effective for IIH by venous sinus stenosis.

[Correlation of collateral circulation and prognosis in patients with acute cerebral infarction].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation of collateral circulation with prognosis in patients with acute cerebral infarction. METHODS: A total of 260 patients with acute ischemic stroke within 1 week of symptom onset underwent digital subtraction angiogram (DSA). The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores were obtained at admission. And the Modified Rankin scores (mRS) were assessed at a 3-month follow-up. The follow-up data were acquired through clinic visits or telephone interviews. RESULTS: Among them, 86 were found to have intra- or extra-cranial culprit artery severe stenosis or occlusion. And 36 (75.00%) in 48 patients had collateral arterial circulation while 11 (28.64%) in 38 patients posterior circulation. There were statistical differences in the NIHSS scores at admission and favorite clinical outcome (mRS ≤ 2) at 3-month follow-up for patients with and without collateral circulation. CONCLUSION: DSA is the golden standard for the assessment of collateral circulation in patients with severe cerebral artery stenosis or occlusion. The prognosis is better in stroke patients with collateral circulation.

Correlation between Leukoencephalopathy and Atherosclerosis / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To investigate the correlation between leukoencephalopathy and atherosclerosis. Methods 238 patients were enrolled. All the patients were underwent brain MRI and carotid and femoral artery duplex ultrasonography after hospitalized. The atherosclerotic plaque, intima-media thickness (IMT), peak systolic velocity (Vp) were measured with ultrasonography. The data was analyzed with SPSS 13.0 software. Results The leukoencephalopathy of the patients positively correlated with age, hypertension, serious of atherosclerosis and carotid IMT, negatively correlated with carotid Vp, but did not correlated with vertebrarterial Vp. Conclusion The leukoencephalopathy positively correlate with some atherosclerotic risk factors, the serious of atherosclerosis, and anterior circulation disorder, but do not correlate with posterior circulation.

Advances in Fibromuscular Dysplasia / 国际脑血管病杂志

Fibromuscular dysplasia, a cryptogenetic segmental, nonatherosclerotic, noninflamma-tory arterial disease that most commonly involves the renal and carotid arteries, is one of the causes of ischemic stroke in young adults. With the development of various angiographic techniques, the detection rate of fibromuscular dysplasia becomes higher and higher, This article reviews the advances in fibromuscular dysplasia.

Levels of serum hypersensitive C-reaction protein and its correlation factors in cerebral infarction patients with impaired glucose tolerance / 临床神经病学杂志

Objective To observe the levels of serum hypersensitive C-reaction protein (hs-CRP) and its correlation factors in cerebral infarction patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Methods According to the result of glucose tolevance test (GTT),the 131 patients were divided into normal glucose tolerance group (NGT, n=41),IGT group (n=47),newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) group (n=43). The serum hs-CRP levels and some biochemical parameters were measured in 72 h after the onset. The common carotid artery(CCA) and carotid plaque were examined by color B type ultrasonography. Results The hs-CRP levels were gradually increased among NGT,IGT and DM groups. The average of hs-CRP levels in NGT,IGT and DM groups were 0.320 mg/L,1.435 mg/L,4.305mg/L respectively.By the charge of logaithm,there were significanty differenc among each group(P

Protective effects of bone marrow stromal cells on ischemia/reperfusion hippocampal slices / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM: To study the protective effect of bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) on ischemia /reperfusion hippocampal slices. METHODS: Ischemia/reperfusion models of hippocampal slices from newborn rats were established. MSCs obtained from adult bone marrow were cultured, isolated and purified. Cell death was assessed using propidium iodide fluorescence. And brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in MSCs was determined by immunocytochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS: Maximal dead cells appeared in hippocampal slices 3 to 7 days after reperfusion. When the slices were co-cultured with MSCs, only a few cells were dead. The protective effect of MSCs on the slices was diminished significantly when anti-BDNF antibody was added to the medium. The protein of BDNF was faintly expressed in MSCs under normal conditions. When MSCs were co-cultured with ischemia /reperfusion hippocampal slices, the expression of BDNF in MSCs was increased gradually especially when co-cultured for 3 to 7 days. However, MSCs co-cultured with normal hippocampal slices expressed BDNF at a lower level at any times of co-culture. CONCLUSIONS: In an in vitro model of simulated ischemia, MSCs reduce cell death. Ischemia/reperfusion hippocampal slices co-cultured with MSCs promote the expression of BDNF in MSCs, which in turn protect the ischemic neurons.